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reforms in 1992 seemed to have transformed CAP subsidies into a ‘safety net’. Some sectors (wheat) had even started exporting without export subsidies. Table 1: Levels of self-sufficiency in the EU 1985 1996 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 1986 1997 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 EC12 EU12 EU15 EU15 EU15 EU15 EU15 Wheat 126% 112% 120% 120% 116% 116% Total Grains 114% 105% Sugar 129% 130% 128% 128% Wine 105% 111% 109% 109% 109% Beef 106% 116% 116% Veal 113% 105% 103% 109% Whole milk 201% 370% Milk 102% 101% 101% 100% 123% Skim milk powder 123% 129% 129% 132% 247% Butter 110% 109% 109% 116% Pig meat 102% 106% 106% 108% 110% 107% Poultry meat 104% 110% 109% 111% 109% 106% Eggs 102% 102% 103% 101% 102% Source: 1985-1997 data from Ackrill (2000, 74), 1998-2001 data from various The Agricultural Situation in the European Union reports such as the Commission (2004). Imbalances remained, however, for minor crops (rye, rice) which were witnessing very worrying levels of intervention stockpiles that were expensive to store, while the dairy sector had to face up to substantial decisions on whether to maintain production quotas. Finally, many export subsidies were still used to get rid of many minor agricultural commodities (Garzon 2006, 97). Therefore, there was lot of legacy from the pre 1992 era that would start to haunt the EU decision makers, either because of budgetary concerns in the light of enlargement or because of trade liberalization negotiations at the Doha Development Round (DDR). 30