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as a budget gridlock where—ceteris paribus—previous Multiannual Financial Framework budget allocations is rolled-over into the future, month-by-month. However, when two or more issues are involved, then it is likely that there are possibilities for creating value by integrating the actors' heterogeneous interests. That is, concessions made to an actor in one issue can induce that actor to make concessions in another issue. When a bargaining (be it one issue or multi-issue) takes place among only two parties then agreement requires by definition consensus. However, in the case of the CAP, bargaining can rarely, if ever, be characterized as two unitary actors’ negotiation. While one of “the most common explanations found for [creation of] the Common Agricultural Policy of the EEC is that it represented a Franco-German deal in which Germany, in return for a common market for its industrial exports, conceded to France a market for its agricultural exports”, this often told cliché, argues Milward (2000, 283), “ought to be laid to rest” (283). As Milward points out, the concept of the output support based CAP was not a French idea, but came much more from the Netherlands—French negotiators had tried, on behalf of the French agricultural lobby, to convince Germany to sign guaranteed long-term import contracts which would have obliged Germans to buy a certain amount French agricultural products every year above the world market price. The more complex scheme that would put farmers on welfare through managed agricultural trade, advocated by the Dutch, was not initially welcomed by the French (Milward 2000, 311). However, in the end, agricultural exports were only a secondary, subordinate issue. For both, the Netherlands and France, the common market for agricultural goods and support measures for agriculture were in no way a proportionate counterbalance to industrial trade. It was only after the Inner Six had already decided, in principle, to create the common market for industrial goods, that the French decided to make the CAP a precondition for concluding the Treaty of Rome (Milward 2000, 283). This short example illustrates that when more than two parties are involved, agreement may be 18